State mental health care management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

State mental health care management - Term Paper Example However, there are those states that have adopted a public mental healthcare system so that it conforms to their already established common systems. As there is no standardized way of offering public mental healthcare across state lines, many problems arise with the individualized systems. Generally, success for such a system can only be guaranteed by precise planning and the careful use of public resources. The planning process should be inclusive of all stakeholders and other interest groups. Medicaid now caters for over 41 million individuals from low-income backgrounds. Its main aim is to provide funding for mental healthcare and all other healthcare. However, the amount that is used up in the provision of mental healthcare is dwarfed by the amount of other types of healthcare. Managed care of disabilities was expanded by the government to include mental healthcare; a move that has been lauded by some quarters and termed as controversial by others. Decision makers within the stat e have however disputed both divides but instead have cited that cost shifting across the expanded systems will inevitably worsen the current situation. In the same instance, it may reduce costs as ultimately, those that were institutionalized for 24 hours may be held on lesser times and new problems may be unearthed that may be state related and not necessarily representative of the country as a whole. Discussion The management of public mental healthcare has had some positive reports. Among the changes that have been noted is the increased access to a wide array of people, the expansion in the number of services that are provided, the consistency in care and decision making due to centralized care aided by the formulation of specific goals, increased accountability and emphasis on the positive outcomes and decrease in the use of inpatient care which may not be necessitated. Public state officials in local government authorities who are charged with the planning and implementation of appropriate public mental healthcare have encountered a number of problems despite the many gains that they have realized. The public care is too focused on the care of acute cases such that they are thin on resources aimed at rehabilitation and like services that could guarantee the long-term functionality of those people with relatively better mental conditions. The use of Medicaid applies to those people who are contracted under this system and it means that there are many people who are not encompassed in the program. There is also a problem that is associated with billing and receiving payments from people that have been served during the initial set up of the program. Finally, since it is difficult to measure the outcomes of care that has been given, it is very hard to guarantee consistency in a range of regions as the feedback is not forthcoming. In an attempt to change the way that public mental healthcare is offered, practitioners have encountered a limitation in the for m of the organizational structure and the finances availed. The expectations of the public and the common practices in public healthcare also largely shape the eventual outcomes of the programs provided. The focus of decision makers is on how to customize public mental healthcare so that it is outcome oriented and offers the customers high quality care consistently. Just like all other management decisions, there is need for elaborate planning including precise goals and

What are the main arguments for and against the horizontal Essay

What are the main arguments for and against the horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons - Essay Example It led to the loss of nearly a million civilian lives and total destruction of the city. Even those who survived this event, continued to suffer under effects of radioactive radiation for many subsequent years. A generation of Japanese children were born with congenital defects as a result of mothers’ exposure to radiation. Political leaders of today will have to consider their nuclear weapons program in the backdrop of this ghastly human disaster. The rest of the essay will point out the pros and cons of horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons. It is very difficult to talk of the merits and demerits of horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons without considering the effects of vertical proliferation. Horizontal proliferation is the acquisition of know-how, technology and material by a nation-state or a political/militant group so as to manufacture nuclear weapons of their own. The term ‘horizontal proliferation’ is used to refer to nation-states or similar entities that do not already have nuclear weapons but aspire and endeavour toward this goal. Vertical proliferation is the process of consolidation and improvisation of nuclear weapons by nation-states already well-established in making nuclear weapons. It is fair to say that vertical proliferation induces horizontal proliferation, as the latter group feel more and more insecure with their militarily well-endowed neighbouring states. In the years after the Second World War, Cold War was the political theatre upon which various nations placed their rationa le for developing nuclear weapons. Yet, even as recently as a decade ago, only a handful of nations were classified under the nuclear-enabled category of states. (Krepon, 2012, p.44) Recent geo-political developments, especially in the wake of September 11, 2001 terror strikes on the United States have significantly altered the internal political dynamics of many nations in the Middle-East and Asia. It

Juvenile Offenders Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Offenders Essay Steinberg states that there are some issues which are very challenging to the society concerning the nature of human development and justice when it comes to serious juvenile crimes (para, 1). This is due to the fact that people do not expect crimes to be committed by children let alone children being criminals. The unexpected connection between childhood and criminality brings about a dilemma that is hard to resolve (Steinberg para, 1). Some of the ways out of this dilemma are: trying to redefine the offense as something of less magnitude than a crime and redefining the offender as somebody who is not actually a child. For almost a century now, the American society has chosen to redefine an offense as something less than a crime (Siegel and Welsh p, 211). Hoge, Guerra and Boxer states that most juvenile offenses have for long time been treated as delinquent acts that need adjudication within a separate justice system for juveniles (p, 154). This system is designed in such a way as to recognize the exceptional needs as well as the immature condition of young persons and stresses more on rehabilitation over punishment. Steinberg asserts that the two guiding principles that have prevailed concerning young people are that: they have different competencies as compared to adults, which necessitates adjudication in a different type of system, and that they have different potential for change and therefore qualify for a second chance as well as an attempt at rehabilitation (para, 4). The operations of juvenile courts are carried out under the presumptions that offenders are immature meaning that their development is incomplete, their judgment is immature, and their character is still undergoing development. However, in the recent past as Steinberg states, there has been a tremendous shift concerning the way crimes committed by juveniles are treated by policymakers as well as the general public (para, 6). This shift has resulted in great changes concerning policies that deal with the way juvenile offenders are treated. Gale argues that instead of choosing to defend offences committed by young people as delinquent, the society has opted to redefine them as adults and transfer them to the criminal justice system that deals with adult crime (p, 76). Some proponents in society have come to agree that there are those young offenders who should be transferred to the adult criminal justice system due to the fact that they pose a serious threat to the safety of the society where other juveniles live (Siegel and Welsh, p. 214). Proponents, as Hoge, Guerra and Boxer illustrates, argue that the magnitude of the offense committed by these youth deserves a relatively more harsh punishment (p. 174). They also argue that the history of repeated offenses do not augur well for definitive rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. This however, does not describe the large number of young people who are currently being put on trial in the adult criminal justice system. Steinberg argues that majority of these have been charged with crimes that are not as violent to merit such a harsh punishment (para, 7). When this transfer of juvenile offenders to adult system begins to become a rule instead of an exception, it characterizes a primary challenge to the very ground that the juvenile system was anchored in- that young people are different from adults. Debates concerning transfer policies can be viewed from different angles. Developmental psychologists would ask whether the differences drawn between people of various ages under the law are rational in light of what is known concerning age variation in different aspects of social, emotional, and intellectual functioning (Hoge, Guerra and Boxer, p. 79). One major issue based on developmental psychology that emerges is about the creation of a boundary between young people and adults in matters of criminal justice. Developmental psychology seeks to identify the scientific reasons that justify the separate treatment of adults and young people within the criminal justice system, especially with reference to the age bracket, 12-17 years, highly under political analysis currently (Steinberg para, 9). First and foremost, this age bracket is an intrinsically intermediary phase. It involves swift as well as dramatic changes in individual’s social, intellectual, physical, and emotional capacities. It is a phase where a line concerning competence and incompetence of individuals can be drawn. Secondly, teenage years are a period of potential flexibility (Gale p, 98). Young people are heavily influenced by experiences in school, at home, as well as other social settings. To the level that flexibility is possible, transfer of young people into a criminal justice system that rules out a rehabilitative response may be an unrealistic public opinion (Siegel and Welsh, p. 11). Adolescence is a decisive phase through which numerous developmental trajectories are firmly set up and increasingly hard to change. Numerous experiences that adolescents go through have devastating cumulative impacts. Irrational decisions and poorly formulated policies relating to young offenders may have unpredictable harmful outcomes (Gale, p. 104). According to Steinberg, mitigating factors such as mental illness, emotional stress and self defense should be critically evaluated when trying a young person (para, 14). A punishment that is fair to an adult may be unfair to a young person who was not aware of the penalties of his/her actions. It would therefore be unethical to give life sentences to juvenile offenders. The way laws are interpreted and applied should vary when dealing with a case in which a defendant understanding of the law is limited by intellectual and emotional immaturity. The repercussions of administering long and severe punishment are very different when the offender is a young person as compared to when he/she is an adult (Steinberg, para. 17).

Schindler’s List: Movie Review Essay

Schindler’s List: Movie Review Essay Schindler’s List Set in the most horrific period of world history, Schindler’s List tells the real life story of Oscar Schindler. Set in Krakà ³w ghetto of German occupied Poland, Schindler’s List takes a look at the life and evolution of Oscar Schindler, a Nazi profiteer who changed the course of dozens of Polish Jews. Despite originally siding with the Nazis, Schindler goes on to save the lives of over a thousand Jews, who are deemed as essential for his enamel factory. The movie is an incredible epic of Schindler and the Jewish workers (called Schindlerjuden) he risked his life to save. Unlike in other modern movies, Schindler’s List is shot in black and white. While black-and-white film is not obsolete, few movies of our time period utilize it and those that do often do not use it to the best of their ability. This element is one of the reasons that make Schindler’s List stand out from other films. Steven Spielberg, the director of the movie, chose to use black-and-white to better set up the historical atmosphere World War II. I believe his did this because many people psychologically associate WWII and the 1930s without color films or photography. In making this choice, we as viewers are put into the right mindset of the era on screen. While this makes the violence and thematic struggle of the film more impactful, it also helps to accentuate any of the time shifts or vital scenes shot in color. Like the Wizard of Oz, this effect focuses the attention of the viewers and changes their psychological mindset. Clearly, the producers realized that Schindle r’s List would not have the same visual effect or cinematic presence in history if they had not chosen to shoot it in black-and-white. Another important film effect that Steven Spielberg put into Schindler’s List is the use of parallel editing. This effect, more commonly known as crosscutting, weaves several different scenes, and in a more larger sense feelings, together with one another. While this is of course a fun visual aesthetic for the average viewer to see, Spielberg does it to contrast the poverty and desolation of the Jewish people during the Holocaust with the luxury and wealth of the Nazis ruling over them. An example is the scene splice of the Krakow ghetto and Schindler’s new apartment. I believe Spielberg does this to show the irony of that portion of World War II; good benefits for Schindler come from another’s heartbreaking loss. This filming technique helps to accurately show us the bitter, paradoxical time period that of world history that cannot be forgotten but has been overcome. There is a scene in the film where the Schindlerjuden present Schindler a ring engraved with the Talmudic phrase: â€Å"Whoever saves one life saves the world entire.† This phrase perfectly represents one of the main themes of Schindler’s List: one person can make an impact. theme can be seen pretty clearly throughout the film. Primarily, we see this theme through the protagonist Oscar Schindler. After saving Itzhak Stern from a concentration camp, we know that Schindler goes on to save the lives of thousands of Jewish workers from mass extermination by the Nazi Party. Although we know that millions were killed by the Nazi Party at the time the Holocaust, if Schindler had not saved them, six times the amount of people who actually be lost (the number of descendants that came from Schindler Jews). Another example in the movie of one person making a difference is the girl in the red coat. Spielberg only uses color in four occasions in the film and one of them is on a smal l girl. Why would he do that? He did it to show the viewer that Schindler is starting to see the horror around him and grasping that what the Nazis are doing is evil. It is because of this young child, who even more astoundingly does not even have to speak to him, that all of Schindler’s actions and views are changed. Another important theme of Schindler’s List is the easiness of denial. This theme can be seen many times throughout the movie and in the history of the Holocaust itself. Looking at Oscar Schindler, we see that throughout much of the rising action of the film, he cares little to none about the misery and persecution that the Jews in Krakà ³w are facing. He cares only about the luxurious lifestyle and profits that he can get from swindling the Jews. It’s easier to turn a blind eye and bury himself in his own greedy thoughts than acknowledge the atrocities being committed around him. Schindler is not the only one, though. Many of the Jews working for Schindler and living in Krakà ³w refuse to acknowledge the horrors of their situation. Even when forced from their homes, shipped into cramped ghettos, many still insist on seeing the good of the situation, even as Jews just like them are being killed at random. Another example of denial is the scene where smuggler Poldek Pf efferberg’s wife worries aloud about the rumors of extermination camps. She’s heard how dozens of Jews are being gassed and cremated at Auschwitz. Instead of being comforted or reassured by her fellow sufferers, they angrily rebuke her and insist that would never happen. Deep down, I am sure they knew the truth, but it was easier for them to deny it than face the reality of the horror surrounding them. It’s quite easy to see why a film of this emotional depth about the Holocaust would make an impact on the world. Spielberg was motivated to make this film because he wanted to find a way to make Holocaust victims more than just tragic statistics. Traditionally, when we are taught about the Holocaust, we are truly overwhelmed by the horrors and atrocities that were committed and this overwhelming feeling tends to almost desensitize to it. We have so much disbelief that this could ever be allowed to happen that we can’t grasp the full emotional reality of it. It is that desensitization that Spielberg works (successfully) to overcome. Spielberg achieves his goal to communicate the fear and uncertainty the Schindlerjuden had, whether it was while they were in the ghetto, working for Schindler, or riding the train to his factory in Czechoslovakia. The audience feels like they are actively partaking in the action on screen instead of sitting passively by. We emotionally meet each character and devote ourselves to following their journey’s outcome. This viewer-to-character connection was goal Spielberg made the purpose of his film. By truly humanizing all of these characters, the audience is forced to deal with the atrocities that the screen and history show us. He needed every viewer to see and feel invested in each of the characters of Schindler’s List. He didn’t want them to walk out of their theater and return back to their mundane way of thinking. Spielberg wanted to remind the world of the horror of World War II and make it so that whenever genocide or discrimination was seen in the world, every viewer of this movie would not settle to passively sit by and do nothing.

Analysis of The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay -- Nathaniel Ha

Analysis of The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Although â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in the mid-1800s, its themes and ideas are still a part of society today. The 19th century was a time of change, just as this, the millennium, is a time of great change. Hawthorne’s ideas about science, beauty, and life still play a major part in our lives, despite many improvements. Even today, people try to play â€Å"God† and change things that nature has put in place. It’s human curiosity; how much can be changed, how many things can be perfected? The themes in this short story-- religion, gender, and science--were relevant in Hawthorne’s day, and still are many years later. The theme of religion is hidden in the desire to erase the birthmark. In trying to â€Å"perfect† Georgiana, Aylmer is testing God’s creation. He doesn’t believe that how God created Georgiana is perfect, and he is obsessive about making her his idea of perfection. Aminadab, Aylmer’ s servant, tries to tell his master to leave the birthmark alone. He tells Aylmer that if Georgiana were his wife, he wouldn’t worry about something so trivial. However, the scientific ideas on Aylmer’s mind won’t let him forget the birthmark. He believes he can remove it with the help of science. Even so, science has no part in creation, according to Hawthorne, and Georgiana’s death after the removal of the birthmark signifies that theory. Her death is Hawthorne’s way of showing that judgment and perfection are God’s duti...

The Beatles: Their Influences and Early Years Essay -- Hamburg, Elvis,

Hamburg had a street called Reeperbahn which had more strip clubs than any street in the world. Hamburg also had a really high crime rate because all the gangs from Berlin moved to Hamburg due to the Berlin Wall (Davies 80.) This makes me think this is why their parents were hesitant about letting them go. They played in an Indian club called Indra. They became very good, so good that they started playing 7 days a week until 2 am. Eventually the club got so loud that they had to move due to complaints by the neighbors (Davies 82.) They would play so much they would usually get around 5 hours of sleep. This shows that if you want to be really good at something you must work really hard. They wanted to play and wanted to be successful and were willing to work for it. The Beatles were not only headliners at parties; the Beatles also were big partiers themselves. There were also fights in the club while they were playing. There was so fighting and alcohol that the people inside the clubs would be half dead (Davies 83-84.) This also caused some on-stage fight or arguments. Sometimes they would throw food at each other while performing. It did get out of hand sometimes. The group made very few friends while they were in Hamburg. They didn’t like the Germans. John said,† They are all half-witted.† They didn’t make friends with the British people there because they would start arguments with Germans (Davies 85.) Eventually they had to come back home. When they came back from Hamburg, one of their friends put up a sign that said: The Beatles, Direct from Hamburg. This lead to people thinking they were German. People actually complemented them on how well English they spoke (Davies 97-98.) After they came back from Hamburg, the Beatles started playing in ballrooms, in these ballrooms fights would occur very often. Once, Paul got grabbed by a random guy, slammed into the wall, and told not to move at all. Another night, people were fighting each other with fire extinguishers (Davies 101). I find this to be an odd coincidence because in Hamburg, the same stuff would happen to them there. Trouble just followed the band everywhere they went. Awhile after they were home, they decided to go back to Hamburg for a second time. While in Hamburg they met up with an old friend, Astrid. She was married to Stu, one of the early members, and greeted them with leather jackets. She wanted to change Stu’s haircut, so she brushed it down and cut parts off. This then caught on with the other band members and became the signature haircut (Davies 106). That was the birth of one of the most iconic haircuts in history, the 60’s, and Rock & Roll. They had to come home again but this time, Stu decided to go to Art College in Hamburg instead of continuing on with the band. When the Beatles arrived back from Hamburg, they heard about a newspaper called Mersey Beat. This was the first ever newspaper in Liverpool devoted to only music. A guy named Bob Woller had written an article about them in the newspaper (Davies 107). This was their first big sign of attention they got. They didn’t find out about the article until they came back from Hamburg. They were worried they had become irrelevant in Liverpool. While they were gone, they got a lot more offers from clubs to play and they had to travel constantly. Pete’s friend Neil Aspinall bought a van and became the road manager of the Beatles. He quit his other job and worked full time with them (Davies 109). Neil was their road manager for every year they played tours. The Beatles kept playing and got much better as time went on. They got the attention of record store owner Brian Epstein. In December of 1961, the Beatles met with Brian Epstein to work out a contract. After negotiations a contract was signed and Brian became the manager of the Beatles (Davies 128-129). This jump started their band career; they finally had someone who could represent them in business stuff. Brian whipped the Beatles into a polished band. He got them 40 euros a week for a club in Hamburg. He was put in charge of all the bookings and made sure everyone knew what they were doing (Davies 130). Brian also started negotiations with the recording studio Decca, and got them a demo (Davies 133). The recording demo didn’t work out though. They said Paul and George didn’t play well. John said it was because they were ne... ...keep up with Brian Epstein’s goal of releasing a new album of songs every 6 months, plus a Christmas release for their fan club. Of course, this was in addition to touring, interviews, and movie work (Hartzog). This was a tough schedule for them to follow and it is why the eventually ended up stopping touring altogether. George Martin was a huge fan of the way the Beatles made their music. He liked how they could pile tracks on tracks and still make it sound so amazing. George also liked the creativity they had with all of their songs and their lyrics (Davies 289). They were the perfect song writing duo and it was like they would spew out number one song after number one song without any pause. As the Beatles' late-1967 single "Hello Goodbye" went to Number One in both the U.S. and Britain, the group launched the Apple clothes boutique in London. McCartney called the retail effort "Western communism"; the boutique closed in July 1968. Like their next effort, Apple Corps Ltd. (formed in January 1968 and including Apple Records, which signed James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, and Badfinger), it was plagued by mismanagement. In July the group faced its last hysterical crowds at the premiere of Yellow Submarine, an animated film by Czech avant-garde designer and artist Heinz Edelmann featuring four new Beatles songs; a revised soundtrack featuring nine extra songs was released in 1999 (The Beatles Biography) . In August they released McCartney's "Hey Jude", backed by Lennon's "Revolution", which sold over 6 million copies before the end of 1968 — their most popular single. Meanwhile, the group had been working on the double album The Beatles (frequently called the White Album), which showed their divergent directions. The rifts were artistic — Lennon moving toward brutal confessionals, McCartney leaning toward pop melodies, Harrison immersed in Eastern spirituality — and personal, as Lennon drew closer to his wife-to-be, Yoko Ono. Lennon and Ono's Two Virgins was released the same month as The Beatles and stirred up so much outrage that the LP had to be sold wrapped in brown paper (The Beatles Biography). Works Cited Beatles: An Authorized Biography

Change through Events in a Novel Essay

In many novels, characters experience first hand the challenges they must go through as the transition from who they portrayed to be in the beginning as opposed to how they change their personalities, actions, and life style in the end. In the novel, The Guardian by Nicholas Sparks, the author uses certain events from the novel to change the characters personalities and ways of life. This is demonstrated through the main characters Julie Barenson who changes from a nice, loving woman to an afraid and unstable woman because she finds out Richard is stalking her and Richard Franklin who changes from nice and an at times jealous person, to a crazy, possessive stalker because Julie doesn’t love him. By exploring these two characters, it is evident that change in characters through different events in the novel is depicted through how they change their lives, ways of action and personalities. During the early years of Julie’s life, she has many problems and is not stable. Julie’s mother is an alcoholic and they live in a trailer. Her father moves away to Minnesota when she is two year old. She runs away when she is sixteen and lives on the street until she meets Jim, who takes her to Swansboro and marries her. At the beginning of the novel, the author portrays Julie as a woman who has been through a lot, but does Ankoma-Mensa 2 not let that stop her from being a nice, loving person. Julie also moves on after Jim’s death, because it was a hard time for her, with regards to her past: â€Å"Now when she thought of Jim, she remembered him with a smile, thankful that he’d been part of her life.† (Sparks 1) She always helps other and does the best she can to be respectful and sincere to other characters. Unfortunately, Julie does not stay so nice and caring throughout the whole novel. This transition from being nice to becoming a scared is demonstrated when she realizes that Richard is stalking her. Julie becomes very afraid after she is informed that Richard is stalking her and she starts to act paranoid: â€Å"So she did again and come up with the conclusion that Richard wasn’t lurking by. But is still didn’t help. She began to hyperventilate.† (442) Even though Richard deserves the insults he receives from Julie, the reader does not expect her to try and hurt him in such means ways: â€Å"‘I don’t want to talk to you.’ She said, hating her plaintive tone. ‘Why can’t you get that through your head?'†(448) Julie ,herself, does not like how she is sounding and the way she is acting but she feels that the only way to get Richard to leave her alone, she has to be rude to him. Julie transforms from her regular personality beca use of what Richard is doing. Not only is Julie’s transformation in personality a big difference, but Richard’s transformation is even larger than expected. Richard, whose real name is Robert Bonham, is a man from Cleveland and is Julie’s boyfriend at the beginning of the novel. Richard, also, has been through a lot in his life just like Julie has. His father and mother were alcoholics, his mother is beat every night from his father and he hates his parents. Richard struggles because his parents die and he goes from house to house in search of a Ankoma-Mensa 3 family. In the beginning of the novel, the author portrays Richard as a caring and at times manipulative man, who has been through many struggles in his life, but unalike Julie, Richard allows his past to resurface in his future. Richard’s mothers’ struggles get to him and he allows them to interfere with his concept of how he and Julie should live: â€Å"If Julie stayed, he knew she would grow weak, just as his mother had grown weak. And in time, there would be nothing to respect.† (175) Richard feels that if Julie stays in the country, she will end up like his mother and he despises his mother. As well Richards manipulations are demonstrated when he tries to get Julie to feel guilty because she did not wear his necklace: † Manipulated, as though he’d wanted her to promise that she’d always start wearing the locket to work again and that she would feel guilty that she hadn’t.† (143) Even though Richard personality is not perfect, he worsens near the end of the novel. Richard becomes obsessive and the reader finds out that he is a murderer. Richard kills his mom; dad, wife and the real man named Richard Franklin to steal his identity. As well, the reader finds out the Richard is abusive because he hits his wife: â€Å"‘stop acting crazy’ ‘What did you say?’ ‘Ow†¦let me go†¦you’re hurting me†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘WHAT DID YOU SAY?’ ‘Ow†¦please†¦Ow!'†(432) Richard hits his wife because he is a controlling person and wants her to do what he says. He also feels that he is the best thing for Julie even thought he is not and treats all women as if they are his mother, who is beaten by her father, and tries to control or change them to prevent them from his mother’s way of life: â€Å"Just like his mother. The victim. Always the victim.† (175) Richard becomes a stalker when Julie dumps him and starts to date Mike. Richard is goes crazy and Ankoma-Mensa 4 convinces himself that Julie’s hatred is love: â€Å"Yes, he knows she cared for him, for weren’t anger and love opposite sides of the same coin? Great anger wasn’t possible without great love†¦and she’d been so angry† (433) Richard uses his mothers life as a bad example of how he wants to live not knowing that he is causing the women he loves to be like his mother: subject to abuse by a controlling man. Richard changes from how he was at the beginning of the book because Julie does not love him, farther demonstrating the change is characters through events in a novel. Like in many novels, The Guardian uses events in the novel to demonstrate how each character changes their personalities, actions and ways of life. This is demonstrated through Julie’s transformation from a nice, loving, stable woman to an afraid, hate-filled, vulnerable woman because Richard is stalking her, and as well, through Richard’s transformation from a nice, controlling at times man to a sick, twisted, crazy and controlling man because Julie doesn’t love him. Characters in novels either change for better or for worst depending of the events that have taken place. In The Guardian’s case, one of the characters transform into a hate-filled ,scornful person, whereas the other transforms into a evil criminal because the events were not positive ,but were negative.