Sunday, January 26, 2020

Use Of Geological Knowledge In Building A House Construction Essay

Use Of Geological Knowledge In Building A House Construction Essay A house provides warmth, security and comfort for us human. In order to build houses that meet the safety requirements and occupants expectations, geological knowledge is important as a base for the construction of these buildings. A house is not build on a fluffy cloud, but on a solid ground where we have to first mount slab or lay concrete beams as the main foundation systems. It is also a common construction technique in wet and coastal areas where houses are put up on posts. Before the decision to purchase a land or home is made, the type of ground where the house is going to be built on must first be determined. It is important to have a stable soil because there could be many drawbacks if the ground is unstable. If a house is built over loose soil conditions, the house will slowly sink. And if a house is built over an old dump site, it may be exposed to gases from the toxic waste below the surface. Units of houses that are to be put up on hill slopes must consider various factors including the slope gradient, soil and rock engineering properties, drainage system, ground water table, geological factor and rainfall intensity. Hill slopes and elevated areas must be assessed holistically, taking into account those factors that are inter-dependent. Local authorities should advise house buyers by providing geological reports related to the proposed site before these buyers are to make decision on whether to buy properties residing near hill slopes. In Malaysia, slopes have been classified into four classes and four levels of height. Class 1 is for slopes of less than 15 degrees, Class 2 for slopes of between 15 and 25 degrees, Class 3 for slopes of 25 to 35 degrees and Class 4 where slopes are more than 35 degrees. There exist guidelines that ban building activities on slopes of more than 35 degrees. Besides, slopes with granite and schist have a layer of soil in between and are prone to landslides. In advancement, man-made slope disasters can be minimised by focusing on three technical phases, namely planning, during construction and post-construction activities. In the planning phase, submitting engineers must undertake a detailed investigation of the soil condition prior to drawing up the building plan so that accurate engineering measurements can be formulated to ensure the building can stand firmly on the ground. Under during construction phase, periodic inspection by the regulatory authorities should be implemented to ensure that the construction is executed according to the design requirements and safety aspects. Lastly, during the post-construction phase, monitoring instrumentation and periodic slope maintenance should be carried out. By having proper slope maintenance, signs of slope instability can be detected earlier and minor slope repair can be done, thus minimising the risk of large-scale slope failure. The cost of major slope repair is much more expensive than car rying out maintenance works. Nevertheless, slopes stability can be maintained by terracing and ploughing contour to prevent soil being washed downhill, planting tree belts to provide windbreaks and retention of straw and crop litter to protect the surface from erosion. Usually, benching, constructing  retaining walls,  shotcreting and putting up steel nets are some other methods of maintaining a slope. In addition, authorities must ensure the intensity and direction of underground water flow, type of rocks in the soil and ability of retaining structures to support the ground. Developers must have flexible pipe fittings installed to avoid water leaks while in mudflow areas, channels or deflection walls are to be built to direct the flow of water around buildings. Inclusively, some of the  precipitation  that falls onto the land  infiltrates  into the ground to become ground water. Once in the ground, some of this water travels close to the land surface and emerges very quickly as discharge into streambeds. However, because of gravity, much of the rain water continues to sink deeper into the ground. Water can move both horizontally or vertically once it meets the water table (below which the soil is saturated). Water moving downward can also meet more dense and water-resistant non-porous rock and soil, which causes it to flow in a more horizontal fashion. The direction and speed of groundwater movement is determined by the various characteristics of aquifers and confining layers of subsurface rocks in the ground. This event can cause geo-hazards because when water flows underground without being monitored, landslide or sinking of soil can take place. After identifying the geological factors related to the ground where the house is to be built on, we next identify the geological aspects that contribute to the construction of the house itself. Walls of a house can be made of so many different materials such as mud and clay, rock, wood, bricks or concrete. The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the  soil being used. Larger amounts of  clay  usually mean using the  cob/adobe  style, while low clay soil is usually associated with  sod  building. Soil and especially clay is good  thermal mass. Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold weather. In Malaysia, houses are made of either clay or sand bricks. Clay bricks are a little more expensive than sand bricks but clay bricks are more practical to Malaysian houses as they are naturally cool in the Malaysian heat. Rock structures are the longest durable building material available, and are usually readily available. There is a simple rule to follow on building a solid rock wall; durable and strong stones must be used. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection and must be impervious to moisture. Some of the best rocks to be used are those made of hard shale or schist because they have natural flat cleavage planes when split. Its main draw-back as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its  energy density  is also considered a big draw-back, as rock is hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources. A house is not complete without a roof. Nowadays, there are many types of roofing materials being used to shelter a house. On the other hand, developers must also consider the slanting of roof and geographical location of a house. The most common roofing material use in Malaysia is clay/concrete roof tiles for urban house dwellers and metal shingles for rural houses. Both concrete and clay tiles have longer lifespan, require low maintenance and are resistant to rot and insects. Then again, clay is very heavy and also fragile. For buildings in equatorial regions with warm and humid climate like Malaysia, the roof has been said to be a major source of heat gain. According to the Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT), the principle of earth-base materials provide natural cool also apply to roof whereby although the most expensive, clay roof tiles can keep a house cool in the Malaysia heat as it is proven to have the best thermal performance with respect to MRT. The highly recommended material for reflective insulator is double-sided aluminium foil which can be used to replace mass insulation materials due to higher thermal performance. Hybrid ceiling proved to have the best performance in reducing thermal radiation into the interior space, followed by plaster board and cement board. In order to complete the house, flooring materials are needed. The geological aspect of the house must first be clarified. If the house is located in a moisture area, use flooring material that does not rot and will not absorb water, such as stone, marble and granite, or concrete slabs, whereas in a very cold area, material such as linoleum is used. Some stone tiles such as polished granite, marble, and travertine are very slippery when wet but they keep mold and mildew away. Some of the softer stone such as limestone tiles are not suitable for very heavy traffic floor areas. As recently as the 1970s, wall-to-wall carpeting was a standard selection for homeowners who were purchasing new flooring. Linoleum was popular in the kitchen, and bathrooms were often covered with inexpensive vinyl tiles. It also used to be that granite and marble surfaces or rougher, more rustic stone materials seen only in vacation cabins or backyard patios. Nowadays, floors of houses are assortments of all t hese classified materials. Lastly, up until the 1970s, asbestos has been the most popular material for ceiling tiles. It is only recently found that asbestos is unsafe if the material is airborne; hence, contaminated  ceiling tiles  are risky if damaged. Ceiling tiles are lightweight tiles fabricated from perlite, mineral wool, and fibers (from recycled paper) are used in the interior of buildings. They are placed on a steel grid and they provide thermal but especially sound insulation. Here in Malaysia, it is proven that hybrid ceiling (combination of aluminium foil and rockwool) is able to produce the lowest MRT  followed by plaster board and cement board. In a nutshell, the acquirement of comprehensive knowledge of the house foundation, materials to use and experts advice is important. These skills are geological knowledge needed in building a perfect house. (1524 words)

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Gender Imbalances In Primary Education

The subject I have chosen to research is gender instabilities in primary instruction. This consists of the deficiency of male primary school instructors and why primary instruction is predominately female instructors. The ground why I have chosen this subject is because I feel that there is a important difference in gender instructors in instruction chiefly primary instruction. I am trusting to detect the chief grounds for this state of affairs in the literature. The subjects that I will be covering will hopefully associate up to the solution to this statement on the chief motivations and principle for gender instabilities. My purposes are to implement the spread I hope to repair and mend in the literature for this undertaking and the following undertaking. I hope to research more theories ( methodological analysiss ) readings and interviews ( methods ) on the subjects I have chosen for the following undertaking. One subject will concentrate on the statistics on the past and current state of affairs of gender instabilities in primary instruction amongst instructors. This will be a justification and an illustration to the readers that a gender instability is present and really exists. A 2nd subject will cover the pupils attitude and behaviour in instruction in a primary and secondary scene and why malenesss plays an of import function in make up one's minding what calling they hope to prosecute. The 3rd subject will concentrate on the ethnicity in schools and why this is mostly momentous to the gender instability statement. Finally, the Forth and concluding subject will be on the function theoretical accounts both males and females live up to in instruction and why primary schools are feminised. The statement that exists here is that many more misss than male childs will be seeking a topographic point in learning preparation. This is a job for males as already the learning profession is extremely feminised. There are many inquiries attached to this subject and I feel that it is imperative to detect and find the grounds behind this form. The ground why I chose primary instruction instead than secondary or any other educational field is because the gender instability is non as extremely important as the primary sector. I sense that adult females are choosing for traditional and new callings whereas work forces are choosing off from primary school instruction. This is the nucleus ground why I am spliting this reappraisal into subjects as these are used as ushers and stepping rocks to happen this spread in the literature.Statisticss on gender instabilities in primary instruction.The concern of gender instability and distinctively the low proportion of male appliers is an interna tional phenomenon in learning and in peculiar primary school instruction. Despite this being a immense instance in Ireland, it is tolerated in states such as the United States of America, Australia and France. The death of the male primary school instructor is apparent from the publication of the Irish National ( Primary ) Teachers Organisation. The statistics show that from 1970 the per centum of primary school instructors who are male were 32 % . Every ten old ages it is evaluated and it demonstrates a sudden lessening in per centum of male instructors. In the twelvemonth 2000 it dropped to 19 % and this twelvemonth it is an estimated diminution to 14 % . The anticipation from INTO is that there will be a diminution of a minimal 5 % male instructors every ten old ages until 2040 where there will be a mere 1 % of instructors in primary school considered male. This is an interesting tendency as the form is systematically worsening and shows no compunction or betterment to this job h armonizing to this publication. This tendency can merely be understood in the context of wider societal alterations and phenomena, including those impacting the socialization of male childs and the division of caring duties. Although male instructors are in a little minority, they are clearly non a deprived minority. Their over representation in promoted stations, while bit by bit cut downing over recent old ages, together with the much smaller proportion of male instructors on the lower points of the salary graduated table, gives rise to a gender spread in the wage. That creates the inquiry that is this gender instability in primary schools down to salary. Males prosecuting a different calling could be the cause of the low pay income. Salary is doubtless a consideration for all workers in taking a calling. Yet the get downing wage of a primary instructor with an honours grade is ˆ33,901, compared with ˆ27,483 for an applied scientist, ˆ30,124 for a medical houseman and ˆ32,029 for an designer. Most concern alumnuss start on a batch less than this when they leave college. The lone difference is those occupations mentioned would lift in salary with more experience whereas the primary schoo l instructor would offer no greater important rise in the sum of salary. So is this a instance of the deficiency of occupation chance? The figure of instructors in Irish schools has increased by over 4,500 in recent old ages. Job chances range from little one or two instructor schools to big 24 instructor schools, learning in mainstream categories, as resource instructors for kids with particular demands or as place school affair instructors. Ireland ‘s instruction system besides offers a pick of linguistic communication, ethos and location – with 3,200 primary schools. This clearly demonstrates that there is a huge chance for males and females with a figure of different functions that the student/trainer can acquire involved in. The chances are present nevertheless ; the undistinguished wage rise or deficiency of great publicity may change a male pupil ‘s determination in prosecuting this calling. It is interesting to observe that the Numberss for primary school learning from 2003 was justification that a gender instability occurs. The highest proportion of male appliers on the Central Applications Office ( CAO ) was in 2002 with 16.6 % .Males as a per centum of the entire appliers to the primary colleges of instruction exceeded 19 % in 1993, but has ne'er reached that degree later since that twelvemonth. This proves that there a important diminution in male appliers for primary instruction and illustrates this gender instability.Masculinity and effects gender instabilities have on school kidsA really of import facet of the gender instability in primary instruction is that of maleness. This is a cognitive theory that must be examined and understood in order to accomplish and detect the spread in the literature. Masculinity is something traditionally to be considered a feature of a male. This could be a quality characterized by physical and behavioural characteristics such as p hysical strength which is normally known by males. Masculinity is a cultural thought that many work forces support, but do non needfully embody. ( Williams 1995 ) . This cognitive theory would be present for pupils in make up one's minding their hereafter approximately around the age of 15-18 old ages. Every pupil has their ain purposes. They can include a desire to hold an excess making or a accomplishment for calling intents, addition cognition or better themselves in any field. One of the efficient ways to accomplish them can be separated categories. Some scientists support this theory as misss and male childs vary greatly both physiologically and psychologically whereas other bookmans claim that the advantages of single-sex categories are non so obvious. The chief factor which supports the benefits of single-sex categories is the differences between males and females. The most important among them are physiological. The encephalons of misss and male childs differ in an of import manner. These differences are genetically programmed and are present at birth. Furthermore, misss and male childs have different acquisition manners. The National Association for Single-Sex Public Schools has found that boys prosper a competitory environment whereas girls prefer a collaborative attack to acquisition. Besides research workers mention that single-sex environment has a positive influence on registration in non-traditional capable countries for male and female pupils. For case, misss are more likely to larn higher degree scientific discipline and maths while male childs are more likely to analyze higher degree linguistic communication and humanistic disciplines. As a consequence, separated schools offer alone educational chances for misss and for male childs. This doctrine on the difference between males and females in a physiological sense exists particularly during their secondary instruction. This draws to the argument that is the learning profession suited for males and their features? There are possible grounds why this proves to be the instance. Is it career counsel? There is grounds to demo that calling counsel instructors are more likely to urge instruction as a calling to their top female pupils instead than their top male pupils. Some male childs may besides experience that their equals or parents would non be supportive of them taking a calling as a primary instructor. Another ground that the male childs are non prosecuting this calling is because of the instruction barrier they face. Surely misss are acquiring higher points in the go forthing certification but the figures show that male childs are non using for instruction, so points are non the issue. The honours Irish demand does look to be a barrier as fewer male childs take Irish at honours Leaving Cert degree than misss. Here lies a quandary as there is besides a demand to keep and so better the criterion of Irish in our schools. Lowering the demand for a C3 in higher degree might assist work out one job but compound another. However, the feminisation of instruction is a world-wide tendency so we can barely claim that the honours Irish demand is act uponing the gender balance in states such as America, Australia or France.Gender Imbalances in the primary schoolroom – Ethnographic HistoryAs explained earlier that in order to happen the links behind the gender instability, it is imperati ve to look at its historical context. This following portion will concentrate on the ethnicity of pupils in the schoolroom and why this could be a possible ground for the deficiency of male instructors in primary instruction today. It is good established particularly in assorted schools, male students receive more instructor attending than do females. Harmonizing to Brophy and Good, Boys have more interactions with the instructor than misss. As a consequence of this they by and large appear to be more cardinal, dominant, of import and salient in the instructors ‘ perceptional field. Stanworth ( 1981 ) states that instructors have a general and overall penchant for male students. Why is this state of affairs the instance and does it hold an impact on the calling the pupils they hope to follow? After an analysis on the engagement turns in a schoolroom, the duty for gender instabilities rests mostly on the instructor. By ‘turns ‘ I mean the figure of times a pupil participates in the schoolroom or the pupils ‘ input for the continuance of the schoolroom. The instructor holds an of import duty to give every pupil a just portion of bends and go preferred to gender or biased towards one sex. The instructor may be seen to ensue from him/ her being socially and psychologically predisposed to beg parts to the lessons from the male pupils at the disbursal of affecting the female pupils. Again Stanworth suggests that male childs are more likely than misss to volunteer information to do heavier demands on the instructors ‘ clip. This indicates to me that male pupils are more comprehensive to work with and could take up more of the instructors ‘ valuable clip donated to the female pupils. The damages of instabilities in teacher attending does non needfully follow from the redress of male based attitudes in instructors. This is of class unless they do go sensitive to the interactive methods used by students in procuring attending and colloquial battle. Male pupils put themselves out at that place more than misss and demo more trouble towards the instructor but does non needfully intend that this is a negative attitude towards the instructor. This type of behaviour could find the maleness work forces demonstrate in a schoolroom environment. As discussed before, this type of cognitive theory could find what career work forces hope to take or follow. This is why I feel that male ‘s behaviour in a schoolroom determines what attitude they utilize in their determination doing accomplishments in the hereafter. In this subject, the literature chosen for this subject claim that there is a gender instability in bends at talk and therefore in the distribution of instructor attending. I would hold with this statement as the instructors part is critical in footings of how much attending is gained from the pupils and how much information was gathered and added to the cognition of the pupils. In decision, this survey is a utile part to this field of survey, in peculiar for its attending to forms of differential engagement among male childs and for the fresh thoughts in explicating gender instability that it presents. However, it may hold some defects and these indicate countries where farther contemplation and research is required. I hope to research more in-depth research and thoughts on this subject for undertaking two and this will hopefully assist me associate those spreads in the literature.Role Models in TeachingThere are many grounds why there is an highly short per centum of males involved in primary school instruction. A immense duty for a primary school instructor is the fact that there involves a batch of caring for the pupil. The male might experience that in their caput that adult females are more responsible for this function, therefore they would look elsewhere for a occupation in the work force. The major ground given for work forces why they are so rare in the work force is hapless wage. In add-on work forces find it hard to acquire employment because of frights of maltreatment and a widely held perceptual experience that adult females are better at caring for immature kids. These perceptual experiences are besides common in the U.K. Skelton surveyed pupil instructors to determine their perceptual experiences of the different qualities brought by work forces and adult females to primary school instruction. Work force instructors held a position that adult females instructors have better communicating accomplishments and are by and large more lovingness. This is from a stereotyped point of position as there is non much grounds to back up this statement. Women pupils believe that work forces have important functions to play in furthering good attitudes to analyze among male childs and are needed for function theoretical accounts. The statistics show that the Numberss for male instructors in primary schools are worsening and a consequence of this could be the deficiency of proviso of function theoretical accounts for work forces. From the 1970 ‘s the Numberss of male instructors dropped from 32 % to 14 % this twelvemonth. Skelton and Carrington ( 2002 ) conducted a big graduated table survey of male and female pupils ‘ image of primary school instruction as a calling. All of the pupils felt that primary instruction was suited for both instructors and that it was as intellectually demanding as secondary instruction. Seventy two per centum of work forces and 76 % of adult females disagreed with the statement that adult females instructors are more caring than work forces. Carrington ‘s respondents are positively working against the stereotype that primary instruction is a female occupation and that what is required if we are to increase the figure of work forces in the profession is to work against the stereotype. The research suggests that what primary instruction is approximately is non supplying function theoretical accounts but exciting instruction. It is a possibility that the exhilaration of primary instruction will non thrill the males and therefore they would seek to another adventuresome occupation or calling. Now that it is established that there is a important spread in gender when it comes to primary school instruction, a chief concern could be the initial behaviour of males in the schoolroom. A critical point in this statement is the manner in which for boys the behavior protects from neglecting. In rejecting academic work, they are insulated from the consequence of failure or rejection. At the same clip the behaviors are consistent in keeping traditional masculine hegemony. The simple infliction of male function theoretical accounts would non and could non perforate those behaviors since the schooling policy takes no awareness of the significances and maps of those behaviors for their culprits. The nucleus ground why there is a deficiency of proviso of function theoretical accounts for males is due to the historical premises that primary school is frequently feminised. Historically the profession of primary school instruction has been a female dominated one. We can reason that the current policy enterprise concentrating merely on increasing Numberss of male recruits ignores both historical and modern-day world. In the instance of male accomplishment despite the deficiency of male function theoretical accounts in primary instruction, the media have seemed to hold made much of the deficit of male instructors. Is this down to their attitudes in the schoolroom or infact their ain job with the feminization of primary schooling? My rating to this inquiry is that primary schooling is seen as caring instead than academic from a male ‘s point of position and although work forces are encouraged at first to take this function, they are so regarded as suspect by current policy shapers because of the lovingness function. My feelings are that work forces and adult females are every bit capable of fiting in footings of lovingness and duty, nevertheless their maleness and attitudes towards deficiency of function theoretical accounts and instruction at the age of determination devising separates them. This is why I feel that primary instruction is predominated by females. Overall, my decision to this subject is that there is a mostly important difference in gender to primary school instruction and generates an instability that is historical and will go on to make so in the hereafter. Regardless if this is debatable or non the statistics continue to demo that primary school instruction is feminised and predominated by females. There are many households in the state where kids may non hold a strong male presence in their lives. The different positions, scope of involvements and outlooks that male instructors bring to a school can supply existent function theoretical accounts for all kids. Greater Numberss of work forces in learning agencies kids benefit. Teaching is a calling which offers the chance to model and act upon the following coevals and to assist every kid to make their possible. It is a calling which allows for the usage of all accomplishments and endowments – in communicating, leading and direction – in the class of the on the job twenty-four hours. I summarise that the research and thoughts of others have provided me with the model for my ain work in undertaking two. The fact that this reappraisal has been divided into subjects has helped me derive more cognition and better understanding on this subject and hopefully does the same with the reader. This reappraisal is regarded as a cardinal procedure and worthwhile research. I think the subjects that I have displayed throughout the paper on the statistics, male malenesss, ethnicity and the deficiency of proviso of function theoretical accounts for males have showed critical consciousness on this subject. These are what I feel are the most accurate grounds for the ground that primary school instruction is predominated by females.

Friday, January 10, 2020

What You Should Do to Find Out About University Admission Essay Samples Before Youre Left Behind

What You Should Do to Find Out About University Admission Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind The University Admission Essay Samples Pitfall For a high-school pupil who has made a decision to go to college in Canada, this is sometimes frustrating and very challenging. Don't forget there are thousands of others students applying to your preferred university, and you want to distinguish yourself. Some institutions request an essay about a student's choice of a university or career. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. Your objective is to demonstrate that Cornell is the proper school for you and that you're the proper student for Cornell. Professor Mitchell obtained a grant to have a category of students to Belgium so as to study the EU. Thus, State University isn't only the ideal location for me, it is the sole spot for me. On top of its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, it is becoming a master at creating a niche for every student. 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Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Interpretation Bias...

The current study was designed to explore whether people with chronic musculoskeletal pain show interpretation bias favoring pain-related interpretations of ambiguous real-world images with both possible pain-related and non-pain related interpretations. The results did not support the hypothesis that chronic musculoskeletal pain participants, compared to healthy control participants, would interpret ambiguous real-world images in pain-related ways. No significant effects were found for written responses or endorsement of statements. Interpretation bias has been found in studies using homophone, homonym, and the word-stem completion task. For example, Pincus et al. (1994) found individuals with chronic pain made more pain-related†¦show more content†¦According to the Threat Interpretation Model proposed by Todd et al. (2015) recently, the degree of perceived threat of pain has an impact on whether an individual will demonstrate cognitive bias towards the stimuli. The associa tion between perceived threat and cognitive bias is mediated by sustained attention. When threat is in medium level, chronic pain patients have difficult disengaging from pain-related stimuli while healthy individuals can disengage quickly in order to maintain positive mood. However, when the level of threat is either very low or very high, chronic pain patients tend to avoid pain-related stimuli, as proposed by fear-avoidant models (Todd et al., 2015). In the current study, pre-experiment ratings showed that ambiguous images were much less arousing than pain-related images. It is possible that lack of threat in ambiguous images precluded observable interpretation bias in chronic pain patients. Secondly, priori power calculation showed a sample size of 52 was needed to reach a power of 0.8 with a large effect size. However, only 42 participants were successfully recruited, which reduced the power of the current study. However, previous studies with similar sample sizes (Pincus et al ., 1996) found evidence of cognitive biases in chronic pain patients. On the other hand, we assumed a large effect size based on